Italy: A Modern History

Preface
Italy before 1861 --
The "geographical expression" --
The idea of national unity --
Mazzini, Garibaldi, and the revolutionaries --
Cavour and the expansion of Piedmont --
The political and economic scene about 1861 --
The constitution, the king, and parliament --
The social hierarchy --
Agriculture and industry --
Immediate political problems --
The first decade, 1861-1871 --
Ricasoli, Rattazzi, and Minghetti, 1861-1865 --
Counterrevolution and Brigandage, 1860-1865 --
The war for Venice, 1866 --
Financial difficulties and other problems, 1866-1867 --
The capture of Rome --
The nation asserts itself, 1870-1882 --
The last years of the right, 1870-1876 --
Depretis and transformism, 1807-1880 --
Foreign policy, 1860-1882 --
Colonial enterprise, 1860-1882 --
The troubled period of Crispi, 1880-1893 --
Depretis and Crispi, 1880-1890 --
Irredentism and nationalist fervor --
Agriculture and industry about 1880 --
The tariff war with France, 1887-1892 --
Corruption and the banks, 1889-1893 --
colonial defeat and political reaction, 1893-1900 --
Social unrest and Crispi's last ministry --
The Ethiopian war and the eclipse of Crispi --
Parliamentary government endangered, 1896-1900 --
Defects in the constitution --
Giolitti and liberal reform, 1900-1911 --
Liberal government resumed, 1900-1904 --
Clerical and radical co-operation, 1904-1906 --
The "southern problem" and emigration --
Economic and cultural revival --
The last years of liberal reform, 1909-1911 --
The onset of war --
The German alliance, 1896-1911 --
The Libyan war, 1911-1912 --
Giolitti's system collapses, 1912-1914 --
Italy remains neutral, 1914 --
Intervention against Austria, 1915 --
The war and its aftermath, 1915-1922 --
The conduct of war, 1915-1918 --
The peace settlement, 1918-1920 --
New political currents, 1919 --
Nitti and the rape of Fiume, 1919-1920 --
Giolitti and the suicide of liberalism, 1920-1921 --
Bonomi and Facta, 1921-1922 --
Mussolini's revolution, 1922-1925 --
Italy on the eve, summer 1922 --
The march on Rome, October 26-30, 1922 --
Dictatorship emerges, 1922-1924 --
The defeat of parliament and press, 1924-1925 --
The theory and practice of fascism --
The machinery and personnel of fascism --
Economic and social policy --
Fascist doctrine --
The standardization of culture --
Persecution and its effects --
Surviving institutions --
Decline and fall of a Roman empire --
Foreign policy, 1922-1936 --
Lack of restraint, 1936-1938 --
The drift toward war, 1938-1940 --
Military and political defeat, 1940-1943 --
Liberation, 1943-45
Epilogue
Appendices
Suggested Readings
Index
Maps